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1、歌手：南拳妈妈 专辑：调色盘1 Department of Community Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China,2 Department of Health, Student Health Serv, 4/F Lam Tin Polyclinic, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China,3 Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6HEWhat this study addsIntroductionPassive oking can cause death from lung cancer and coronary heart disease, but there is little evidence for associations with other causes of death in nr okers. A recent study showed increased all cause mortality with exure to secondhand oke at home but did not examine associations with specific causes of death and dose-response relations.1 We he published estimates of the mortality attributable to active oking in Hong Kong2 and now present the related findings on passive oking at home.Participants, mods, and resultsDetails of the sample selection and data collection he been reported.2 Each person who reported a death in 1998 at four death registries was given a questionnaire which asked about the lifestyle 10 years earlier of the decedent and of a living person about the same age who was well known to the rmant. Passive oking was identified in the interview with the question, "Ten years ago, in about 1988, excluding the decedent/control, how many persons who lived with the decedent/control oked" Decedents or controls who lived with one or more okers were classed as exed. Cause of death was obtained from the death certificate.We selected nr oking decedents and controls aged 60 years or over because there were few younger controls. To oid selection bias, we included only cases and controls who had a living spouse at the time of reporting. We used logistic regression to derive odds ratios adjusted for age and education, and for when men and women were combined.What is known on this topicThere is strong evidence that passive oking is causally associated with death from lung cancer, coronary heart disease, and all causes, and also with acute strokeThe dose-response relation between passive oking and mortality from stroke and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, as well as from lung cancer, ischaemic heart disease, and all causes of death, strengthens the causal linkWe identified 4838 nr oking cases (55% male) and 763 nr oking controls (55% male). All controls were used in the ysis for each specific cause of death.We found significant dose dependent associations between passive oking and mortality from lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, stroke, ischaemic heart disease, and from all cancers, all respiratory and circulatory diseases, and all causes (table). The association between mortality and passive oking did not differ between males and females. Deaths due to injury or poisoning were not associated with passive oking.Number of subjects who were or were not exed to secondhand oke at home and odds ratios (adjusted for age and education, and for when men and women were combined) for mortality in people aged 60 or over, Hong Kong. Values are odds ratio (95% confidence interval) unless indicated otherwiseCommentDose dependent associations between passive oking and causes of death are consistent with previous findings for lung cancer and coronary heart disease and extend the evidence on stroke. Previous studies he shown associations between passive oking and first acute strokes,3 4 and we he now shown a dose-response relation with mortality from stroke. Previous studies focused on ischaemic strokes but Chinese populations he a greater incidence of haemorrhagic stroke than do white populations,5 implying that many of the strokes in our study may he been non-ischaemic. Passive oking probably affects all stroke subtypes, as does active oking.Our finding of a 34% increase in all cause mortality is consistent with but higher than that (15%) in the New Zealand cohort.1 Exure to secondhand oke at home is higher in Hong Kong than in New Zealand due to crowded living conditions. Before the 1990s, awareness of the er of passive oking was lower and okers oked freely at home.We focused on passive oking at home because the proxy reporter could most reliably supply these data, and we adjusted for education, which was also reliably recorded2 and is a good proxy for social class in Hong Kong. As data on cases and controls were derived from the same proxy, reporting bias should be minimal.2 If our results are not due to residual confounding, they provide further evidence that the dose-response associations between passive oking and stroke and all cause mortality are likely to be causal.See Editorial by KawachiThis article was ted on bmj on 27 January 2005:We thank W L Cheung for with ysis; the Immigration Department of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for data and assistance; and, in particular, the relatives who provided rmation.Contributors: THL, SYH, AJH, KHM, and RP designed and carried out the study on which this ysis was based; SMcG, MS, LMH, and GNT planned and carried out this ysis; and all authors contributed to writing the . SMcG and THL are guarantors.Funding: Hong Kong Health Servs Research Committee (#631012) and Hong Kong Council on Smoking and Health.Competing interests: THL is v chairman and AJH a former chairman of the Hong Kong Council on Smoking and Health.Ethical approval: Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong.ReferencesHill SE, Blakely TA, Kawachi I, Woodward A. Mortality among nr okers living with okers: two cohort studies, 1981-4 and 1996-9. BMJ 2004;328: 988-9.Lam TH, Ho SY, Hedley AJ, Mak KH, Peto R. Mortality and oking in Hong Kong: case-control study of all deaths in 1998. BMJ 2001;323: 361-2.Bonita R, Duncan J, Truelson T, Jackson RT, Beaglehole R. Passive oking as well as active oking increases the risk of acute stroke. Tobacco Control 1999;8: 156-60.Iribarren C, Darbinian J, Klatsky AL, Friedman GD. Cohort study of exure to environmental tobacco oke and risk of first ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack. Neuroepidemiology 2004;23: 38-44.Kay R, Woo J, Kreel L, Wong HY, Teoh R, Nicholls MG. Stroke subtypes among Chinese living in Hong Kong: the Shatin stroke registry. Neurology 1992;42: 985-7.right beside youThe passengers on the bus watched sympathetically as the young woman with the white cane made her way1 carefully up the steps. She paid the driver and then, using her hands to feel the location of the seats, settled in to one. She placed her briefcase on her lap and rested her cane against her leg.It had been a year since Susan, thirty-four, became blind. As the result of a medical accident she was sightless, suddenly thrown into a world of darkness, anger, frustration and self-pity. All she had to cling to2 was her huand Mark.Mark was an Air Force offr and he loved Susan with all his heart. When she first lost her sight, he watched her sink into despair and he became determined to use ry means sible to his wife.Finally, Susan felt ready to return to her job, but how would she get there? She used to take the bus, but she was now too frightened to get around the city by herself. Mark volunteered to ride the bus with Susan each morning and ning until she got the hang of3 it. And that is exactly what happened.For two weeks, Mark, military uniform and all, accompanied Susan to and from work each day. He taught her how to rely on her other senses, specifically her hearing, to determine where she was and how to adapt to4 her new environment. He ed her befriend the bus drivers who could watch out for her, and se her a seat.Each morning they made the journey toger, and Mark would take a taxi back to his off. Although that meant he had to trel through the city and the routine was costly and exhausting, Mark knew it was only a matter of① time before Susan would be able to ride the bus on her own. He belid in her.Finally, Susan decided that she was ready to try the trip on her own. Monday morning arrived. Before she left, she embraced her huand tightly. Her eyes filled with tears of gratitude for his loyalty, his patience, and his love. She said good-bye and, for the first time, they went their separate ways. Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday... Each day on her own went perfectly, and a wild gaiety5 took hold of Susan. She was doing it! She was going to work all by herself!“You know, ry morning for the past week, a fine looking gentleman in a military uniform has been standing across the corner watching you when you get off the bus. He makes sure you cross the street safely and he watches you until you enter your off building. Then he blows you a kiss, gives you a salute6 and walks away. You are one lucky lady,” the bus driver said.Tears of happiness poured down Susan's cheeks. She was so lucky for he had given her a gift more powerful than sight, a gift she didn't need to see to beli—the gift of love that can bring light where there is darkne建议你抄抄歌词~很棒嘀哦~~至于注释嘛~~自己找吧~自己找好了。

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