合同的英文表达
关于合同的英文表达
怎么翻译英文合同 合同翻译成英语
怎么翻译英文合同 合同翻译成英语
一.hereby
英文释义:by means of , by reason of this
中文译词:特此,因此,兹
用法:常用于法律文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语;在条款中需要强调时也可用。
语法:一般置于主语后,紧邻主语.
例1:
The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Pr or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract.
参考译文:
业主特此立约保证在合同规定的期限内,按合同规定的方式向承包人支付合同价,或合同规定的其它应支付的款项,以作为本工程施工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬。
注释:
(1)hereby: by reason of this 特此
(2)covenant: v. make a formal agreement 立约,签订合同、条约; n. legal agreement具有法律约束的正式合同
(3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工
(4)therein: in the Works在本工程中
(5)the Contract Pr: 合同总价,指工程的总造价
(6)such...as: 关系代词,相当于that, which
(7)under: in accordance with 根据,按照
(8)the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the Contract合同条款
例2:
We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all ailable rmation and data he been supplied herein, and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon your request.
注释:
(1)hereby:特此
(2)to the best of our knowledge:as far as we know据我们所知
(3)foregoing statement:above-mentioned statement上述声明
(4)herein:in this, in the statement在声明中
(5)documentary proof:证明文件
参考译文:
特此证明,据我们所知,上述声明内容真实,正确无误,并提供了全部现有的资料和数据,我们同意,应贵方要求出具证明文件。
例3:
This Contract is hereby made and concluded by and between Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party A) and Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party B) on (Date), in (Place), China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through amicable consultation.
注释:
(1)hereby:特此
(2)hereinafter referred to as Party A:以下称甲方
(3)on the principle of equality and mutual benefit:在平等互利基础上
(4)through amicable consultation:通过友好协商
参考译文:
本合同双方, 公司(以下称甲方)与 公司(以下称乙方),在平等互利基础上,通过友好协商,于 年 月 日在 (地点),特签订本合同。
例4:
This agreement is hereby made and entered into on (Date), by and between Co. China (hereinafter referred to as Party A) and Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party B).
注释:
(1)this agreement is hereby made and entered into:特此订立本协议 在法律文件中表示“订立本协议”可用以下4个动词:sign (make, conclude or enter into) this agreement, 按照同义词连用的写作特点,可用上述4个动词中的两个来表示)。
(2)hereinafter referred to as Party B:以下简称乙方
参考译文:
本协议特由 公司(以下简称甲方)与 公司(以下简称乙方)于 年 月 日订立。
二 hereof
英文释义: of this
中文译词:关于此点;在本文件中
用法:在表示上文已提及的“本合同的、本文件的??”时,使用该词。例如表示本合同条件、条款时,可以说“the terms, conditions and provisions hereof”,这里hereof表示“of this Contract”;又如表示本工程的任何部分,可用“any parts hereof”,这里hereof表示“of this Works”。 语法:一般置于要修饰的名词的后面,与之紧邻。
hereof和thereof的区别:hereof强调“of this”。例如,上面的“the terms, conditions and provisions thereof”中的thereof表示of the Contract;“any parts thereof”中的thereof表示of the Works。
例1
Wher the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not, the owner of the goods shall, without interruption, by day and night, including Sundays and holidays (if required by the carrier), supply and take
delivery of the goods. Provided that the owner of the goods shall be liable for all losses or damages including demurrage incurred in default on the provisions hereof.
注释:
(1) Wher the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not:不论港口习惯是否与本款规定相反,wher? or not:不论??是否
(2) the owner of the goods:货方
(3) without interruption:无间断地
(4) carrier:承运人
(5) in default on the provisions hereof:违反本款规定 hereof:of this Clause
参考译文:
不论港口习惯是否与本款规定相反,货方都应昼夜地,包括星期日和日(如承运人需要),无间断地提供和提取货物。货方对违反本款规定所引起的所有损失或损坏,包括滞期应负担赔偿。
例2
Foreign trade dealers as mentioned in this Law shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, cover such legal entities and other organization as are engaged in foreign trade dealings.
注释:
(1) foreign trade dealers:对外贸易经营者
(2) as mentioned in this Law:本法所称
(3) the provisions hereof:the provisions of this Law 本法规定
(4) legal entity:法人
(5) be engaged in foreign trade dealings:从事对外贸易经营活动 参考译文:
本法所称对外贸易经营者,是指依照本法规定从事对外贸易经营活动的法人和其他组织。
例3
The establishment of a limited liability company or a company limited by shares shall comply with the conditions and provisions of this Law. A company complying with the conditions and provisions hereof may be registered as a limited liability company or a company limited by shares. Provided that if a company fails to comply with the conditions and provisions hereof, the company in question shall not be registered as a limited liability company or a company limited by shares.
注释:
(1)a limited liability company:有限公司
(2)a company limited by shares:股份有限公司
(3)provisions hereof:本法规定 hereof: of this Law
(4)may be registered as:登记为
参考译文:
设立有限公司、股份有限公司,必须符合本法规定的条件。符合本法规定的条件的,登记为有限公司或者股份有限公司;不符合本法规定的条件的,不
得登记为有限公司或股份有限公司。
例4
If, as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons, an arbitrator fails to perform his duties as an arbitrator, another arbitrator shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, be selected or appointed. 注释:
(1) as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons:回避或者其它原因
(2) arbitrator:仲裁员
(3) the provisions hereof:the provisions of this Law 本法规定
(4) be selected or appointed:选定或指定
参考译文:
仲裁员因回避或者其它(转 载于: 博 威范文 网: 协议书英文怎么写 )原因不能履行职责的,应当依照本法规定重新选定或指定仲裁员。
例5
In the nt of conflict between the provisions on arbitration formulated and prepared prior to the effective date of this Law and the provisions of this Law, the provisions hereof shall prevail.
注释:
(1) conflict:相抵触
(2) prior to the effective date of this Law:本法施行前
(3) the provisions hereof shall prevail:以本法为准 hereof:of this Law 参考译文:
本法施行前制定的有关仲裁的规定与本法的规定相抵触的',以本法为准。 例6
Where, in accordance with laws, the circumstance(s) specified in Article 15 and Article 16 of this Law is /are confirmed, the organization with compensatory obligations shall pay compensation in any of the circumstance in question.
Where the claimant for compensation demands the confirmation of one of the circumstances specified in Article 15 and Article 16 hereof, and the demanded organization refuses to make the confirmation, the claimant shall he the right to lodge a complaint. Where the claimant claims compensation, the claim, shall, first, be lodged to the organization for compensatory obligations.
The provisions of Article 10, Article 11 and Article 12 hereof shall apply to/ in the procedures of compensation.
注释:
(1) the organization with compensatory obligations:赔偿义务机关
(2) shall pay compensation:应当给予赔偿
(3) the claimant for compensation:赔偿请求人
(4) Article 15 and Article 16 hereof:本法第十五条、第十六条 hereof:of this Law
(5) shall he the right to lodge a complaint:有权申诉
(6) claims compensation:要求赔偿
(7) apply to/ in:适用 More Examples: The comment applies equally here. /That argument does not apply in this case. /That applies to at least nine-tenths of the people we see about. /These remarks apply to ry town in this kingdom. /The rules of safe driving apply to ryone. 参考译文:
赔偿义务机关对依法确认有本法第十五条、第十六条规定的情形之一的,应当给予赔偿。
赔偿请求人要求确认有本法第十五条、第十六条规定情形之一的,被要求的机关不予确认的,赔偿请求人有权申诉。赔偿请求人要求赔偿,应当先向赔偿义务机关提出。赔偿程序适用本法第十条、第十一条、第十二条的规定。
例7
If an arbitrator involved in one of circumstances specified in Item 4, Article 34 of this Law, and if it is serious, or those specified in Item 6, Article 58 hereof, the arbitrator in question shall, in accordance with the law, bear the legal liability and responsibility. The arbitration commission shall remove the name of the arbitrator in question from the list of arbitrators.
注释:
(1) arbitrator:仲裁员
(2) Article 58 hereof:本法第五十八条 hereof:of this Law
(3) bear the legal liability and responsibility:承担法律
(4) the arbitration commission:仲裁委员会
(5) remove the name of the arbitrator in question from the list of arbitrators:将其除名
参考译文:
仲裁员有本法第三十四条第四项规定的情形,情节的,或者有本法第五十八条第六项规定的情形的,应当依法承担法律,仲裁委员会应当将其除名。 例8
If, pursuant to this Law, the relevant responsible authorities with the duty of approvals fail to grant approval to such an application as meets the requirements and provisions hereof, or the company registration authorities fail to register a company whose application meets the requirements hereof, the party in question may, in accordance with laws, apply for reconsideration or bring an administrative suit.
注释:
(1) the relevant responsible authorities with the duty of approvals:履行审批职责的有关主管部门
(2) meets the requirements and provisions hereof:符合本法条件
(3) the company registration authorities:负责公司登记的主管部门
(4) the requirements hereof:本法条件 hereof: of this Law
(5) apply for reconsideration:申请复议
(6) bring an administrative suit:提起行政诉讼
;
合同英文怎么说
合同英文:contract。
一、拓展资料
合同(hétong或hétóng)是平等主体的自然人、法人、其他组织之间设立的,它是市场经济条件下规范财产流转系的协议,各国的合同法规范的都是债权合同,而广义的合同还应关系的基本依据。
因此,合同是市场经济中广泛进行的法律行为,人议,以及劳动合同等,这些合同由其他法律包括婚姻、收养、监护等有关身份关系的协进行规范,不属于我国合同法中规范的合同在市场经济中,财产的流转主要依靠合同。
二、引证解释
1、各方执以为凭的契约、文书。《周礼·秋官·朝士》“凡有责者,有判书以治则听”唐贾公彦疏:“云判,半分而合者,即质剂、傅别、分支合同,两家各得其一者也。”
元无名氏《合同文字》楔子:“一应家私财产,不曾分另,今立合同文书二纸,各执一纸为照。”清翟灏《通俗编·货财》:“今人产业买卖,多于契背上作一手大字,而于字破之,谓之合同文契。
商贾交易,则直言合同而不言契。其制度称谓,由来俱甚古矣。”老舍《二马》第五段五:“工人们已经和电影厂签了字,定了合同,没法再解约。”
2、和合齐同;齐心协力。《礼记·乐记》:“流而不息,合同而化,而乐兴焉。”孔颖达疏:“言天地万物流动不息,会合齐同而变化者也。”
《史记·李斯列传》:“上下合同,可以长久;中外若一,事无表里。”汉桓宽《盐铁论·险固》:“博爱远施,外内合同。”
3、结合;缔结。《再生缘》第四五回:“夫人难任千金意,少不得,这段良缘要合同。”
4、谓志同道合。《商君书·赏刑》:“是父兄、昆弟、婚姻、合同者,皆曰:‘务之所加,存战而已矣。’”朱师辙解诂:“谓道合志同之士。”
《楚辞·东方朔》:“贤俊慕而自附兮,日浸而合同。”王逸注:“四海并合,皆同志也。”
5、犹会同。《红楼梦》第五五回:“王夫人便命探春合同李纨裁处。”
合同用英语怎么说
合同
contract; agreement; stipulation; covenant
合同是仔细阅读以后才签署的。
The agreement was signed after careful perusal.
《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》
2我给每个投资人都传真了一份合同。
I faxed a copy of the agreement to each of the investors
《柯林斯高阶英汉双解学习词典》
3有几位计算机工程师与财务部门签订了合同。
Sral comr engineers he been contracted to the finance department.
《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》
4他们坚持要就这项工作立一份合同。
They were insistent on hing a contract for the work.
《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》
5他们即将签订一份新的合同。
They are on the verge of signing a new contract.
《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》
6把这份合同争取到手让我们费了很大力气。
Getting this contract has been quite a coup for us.
《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》
7面对激烈的竞争,我们赢得了这项合同。
We won the contract in the face of stiff competition.
《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》
8今天下午我骑摩托车把合同给你送过去。
I'll bike the contract over to you this afternoon.
《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》
9我签订的三年期合同已于上周期满。
I was on a three-year contract that expired last week.
《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》
10
合同明确规定谁可以作机器。
The contract clearly specifies who can operate the machinery.
《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》
11
合同中的某些条文容有不同诠释。
Some phrases in the contract are open to interpretation.
《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》
合同英语翻译方法
翻译商务英语合同的时候,有什么技巧可以避免我们犯一些常见的错误?下面是我给大家整理的合同英语翻译方法,供大家参阅!
商务合同英语翻译方法
商务合同属于法律性公文,所以英译时,有些词语要用公文语词语、特别是酌情使用英语惯用的一套公文语副词,就会起到使译文结构严谨、逻辑严密、言简意赅的作用。
一.公文副词
但是从一些合同的英文译本中发现,这种公文语副同常被普通词语所代替,从而影响到译文的质量。
实际上,这种公文语惯用副同为数并不多,而已构词简单易记。常用的这类副词是由 here、there、where 等副词分别加上 after、by、in、of、on、to、under、upon、with 等副词,构成一体化形式的公文语副词。例如:
从此以后、今后:hereafter;
此后、以后:thereafter;
在其上:thereon hereupon;
在其下:thereunder;
对于这个:hereto;
对于那个:whereto;
在上文:hereinabovehereinbefore;
在下文:hereinafterhereinbelow;
在上文中、在上一部分中:thereinbefore;
在下文中、在下一部分中:thereinafter.
现用两个实例,说明在英译合同中如何酌情使用上述副词。
例 1:本合同自买方和建造方签署之日生效。
This Contract shall come into force from the date of execution hereof by the Buyer and the Builder. 例 2:下述签署人同意在制造新产品,其品牌以此为合适。
The undersigned hereby agrees that the new products whereto this trade name is more appropriate are made in China.
二、谨慎选用极易混淆的词语
英译商务合同时,常常由于选同不当而寻致词不达意或者意思模棱两可,有时甚至表达的是完全不同的含义。因此了解与掌握极易混淆的词语的区别是极为重要的,是提高英译质量的关键因素之一,现把常用且易混淆的七对词语,用典型实例论述如下。
2.1. shipping a 与 shipping instructions
shipping a 是“装运通知”,是由出口商(卖主)发给进口商(买主)的。然而 shipping instructions 则是“装运须知”,是进口商(买主)发给出口商(卖主)的。另外要注意区分 vendor(卖主)与 vendee(买主),consignor(发货人)与 consignee(收货人)。上述这三对词语在英译时、极易发生笔误。
2.2. abide by 与 comply with
abide by 与 comply with 都有“遵守”的意思.但是当主语是“人”时,英译“遵守”须用 abide
by。当主语是非人称时,则用 comply with 英译“遵守”。
例 3:双方都应遵守/双方的一切活动都应遵守合同规定。
Both parties Shall abide by/All the activities of both parties shall comply with the contractual stipulations.
2.3. change A to B 与 change A into B
英译“把 A 改为 B”用“change A to B”,英译“把 A 折合成/兑换成 B”用“change A into B”,两者不可混淆。
例 4:交货期改为 8 月并将美元折合民。
Both parties agree that change the time of shipment to August and change US dollar into Renminbi.
2.4. ex 与 per
源自拉丁语的介词 ex 与 per 有各自不同的含义。英译由某轮船“运来”的货物时用 ex,由某轮船“运走”的货物用 Per,而由某轮船“承运”用 by。
例 5:由“维多利亚”轮运走/运来/承运的后一批货将于 10 月 1 日抵达伦敦。
The last batch per/ex/by S.S. "Victoria" will arrive at London on October (S.S. = Steamship)
2.5. in 与 after
当英译“多少天之后”的时间时,往往是指“多少天之后”的确切的一天,所以必须用介词 in,而不能用 after,因为介词 after 指的是“多少天之后”的不确切的任何一天。
例 6:该货于 11 月 10 日由“东风”轮运出,41 天后抵达鹿特丹港。
The good shall be shipped per M.V. "Dong Feng" on November 10 and are due to arrive at Rottedaml in 140 days. (M.V.= motor vessel
2.6. on/upon 与 after
当英译“……到后,就……”时,用介词 on/upon,而不用 after,因为 after 表示“之后”的时间不明确。
例 7:货值须货到付给。
The invo value is to be paid on/upon arrival of the goods.
2.7. by 与 before
当英译终止时间时,比如“在某月某日之前”,如果包括所写日期时,就用介词 by;如果不包括所写日期,即指到所写日期的前一天为止,就要用介词 before。
例 8:卖方须在 6 月 15 日前将货交给买方。
The vendor shall deliver the goods to the vendee by June 15.(or: before June 16,说明含 6 月 15 日在内。如果不含 6 月 15 日,就译为 by June 14 或者 before June 15。)
三、慎重处理合同的关键细目
实践证明,英译合同中容易出现错的地方,一般来说,不是大的陈述性条款。而恰恰是一些关键的细目.比如:金钱、时间、数量等。为了避免出错,在英译合同时,常常使用一些有限定作用的结构来界定细目所指定的确切范围。
3.1. 限定
众所周知,合同中要明确规定双方的。为英译出双方的权限与范围,常常使用连词和介词的固定结构。现把常用的此类结构举例说明如下。
3.1.1 and/or
常用 and/or 英译合同中“甲和乙+甲或乙”的内容,这样就可避免漏译其中的一部分。 例 9:如果上述货物对船舶和(或)船上其它货物造成任何损害,托运人应负全责。
The shipper shall be liable for all damage caused by such goods to the ship and/or cargo on buard.
3.1.2 by and between
常用 by and between 强调合同是由“双方”签订的,因此双方必须严格履行合同所赋于的。
例 10:买卖双方同意按下述条款购买出售下列商品并签订本合同。
This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller, whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the undermentioned commodity subject to the terms and conditions stipulated below.
3.2. 限定时间
英译与时间有关的文字,都应非常严格慎重地处理,因为合同对时间的要求是准确无误。所以英译起止时间时,常用以下结构来限定准确的时间。
3.2.1 双介词
用双介词英译含当天日期在内的起止时间。
例 11;自 9 月 2O 日起,甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。
Party Ashall be unauthorized to accept any orders or to collect any account on and after September 20.
例 12:我公司的条件是,3 个月内,即不得晚于 5 月 1 日,支付。
Our terms are cash within three months, i.e. on or before May 1.
3.2.2 not(no)later than
用“not (no) later than +日期”英译“不迟于某月某日”。
例 13:本合同签字之日一个月内,即不迟于 12 月 15 日,你方须将货物装船。
Party B shall ship the goods within one month of the date of signing this Contract, i.e. not later than December 15.
3.2.3 include 的相应形式
常用 include 的相应形式:inclusive、including 和 included,来限定含当日在内的时间。 例 14:本证在议付,有效期至 1 月 1 日。
This credit expires till January 1(inclusive) for negotiation in Beijing. (or:This credit expires till and including January 1 for negotiation in Beijing.) 如果不包括 1 月 1 日在内,英译为 till and not including January 1。
3.3. 限定金额
为避免金额数量的漏、伪造或涂改,英译时常用以下措施严格把关。
3.3.1.大写文字重复金额
英译金额须在小写之后,在括号内用大写文字重复该金额,即使原文合同中没有大写,英译时也有必要加上大写。在大写文字前加上“SAY”,意为“大写”;在后加上“ONLY”.意思为“整”。必须注意:小写与大写的金额数量要一致。
例 16:聘方须每月付给受聘方美元 500 元整。
Party A shall pay Party B a monthly salary of US $ 500 (SAY FIVE HUNDRED US DOLLARS ONLY).
3.3.2. 正确使用货符号
英译金额必须注意区分和正确使用各种不同的货名称符号。“$”既可代表“美元”,又可代表其他某些地方的货;而“£”不仅代表“英镑”,又可代表其他某些地方的货。
必须注意:当金额用数字书写时,金额数字必须紧靠货符号,例如:Can $8,568,不能写成:Can $ 8,568。另外,翻译的还要特别注意金额中是小数点 (.) 还是分节号 (,),因为这两个符号极易引起笔误,稍有疏忽,其后果是不堪设想的。
商务合同英语翻译技巧
一、名词与动词的互相转译
研究表明:英语的名词在词汇中占有优势,
常用名词来表达汉语中用动词表达的概念(如抽象的行为名词) ,而且动词的兼类情况非常明显,加之英语有词形变化, 许多动词词尾加上后缀, 如-ment , - tion , - ance , - er , - or 等,即可变成名词。相反,汉语却以动词占优势,而且一个句子不限于用一个动词,可以几个动词连用。因此,英译汉时许多名词可译成汉语的动词;汉译英时动词也常译成名词(或介词+ 名词) 。
英语中具有抽象动作意义的名词汉译时常译成动词。但是,汉译英时,如果译者没有非常深厚的英语功底,很难非常恰当地使用这类词来翻译,用英语动词的可能性。例如:
(1) The repeal of the Corn Laws by Great Britainin 1846 ended Britain′s long - standing policy protectioni.
1846 年英国废除《谷物法》,结束了英国长期存在的贸易保护主义政策。
“repeal”既可以作动词,也可以作名词,意思相同,都是“取消”、“废除”的意思。但是按照汉语的语言习惯,我们很可能用“repeal”的动词形式来回译(back - t ranslate) ,译成: Great Britain repealed theCorn Laws in 1846 and ended ?,或译成: The CornLaws were repealed in Great Britain in 1846 and t - standing policy of protectioni was ended。
两种翻译可能都讲得通,但总不如原文那么精炼、严密。
(2)And in a best - selling book ,Lester Thurowtold us that America would soon be going head tohead with a Germanled Europe in the st ruggle forworld market s.
莱斯特·瑟罗在他的一本畅销书中断言,美国不久将要与德国的欧洲势均力敌地争夺市场。
原文中“st ruggle”为介词“in”的宾语,但汉语译文直接将它译成动词“争夺”,比原文来得更直接更传神。
(3) The first was the belief among many nationalleaders that thent s leading to the Second WorldWar were t riggered by the Great Depression of the1930s ,which in turn was belid to he been prolonged and deepened by the very high tariff s enactedby virtually all of the major t rading nations during theearly 1930s.
,很多的人认为:导致第二次世界大战爆发的是30 年代的大萧条,而这大萧条被认为是被30 年代初期几乎所有的主要所定的高额关税所延续和加深的。
“the first ”指促成1948 年几个鉴定正式协定建立贸易体系的三个因素之一(这个协定即关税及贸易总协定) 。本句开头用“beli”避免了重复,
使行文更加流畅。然而,译成汉语时则以动词代之,
这样更符合汉语的习惯。
有时在英译汉时,如将名词译成动词,则更易于处理。例如:
(4 ) Early hopes that Eastern Germany couldstage an economic acle like that of West Germanyin the 1950s and ′60s he faded.
统一之初指望东德能重演西德五六十年代经济奇迹的热情早已淡化。
本例说明了在东西两德统一初期,迫切希望东德的经济会迅速崛起。但是,随着时间的推移,
人们已不再那样强烈地对此抱有幻想。原文“hope”
用复数, 但汉语中没有数的变化。如将原文的“hope”译成名词,首先汉语动宾不搭配,我们平常不讲“希望淡化”,其次原文复数形式不好处理。但将“hope”译成动词后,后边再添加“热情”一词来体现原文的预期,译文则更加自然。
同时,汉译英时,如能适当地将动词译成名词,
则会使英译文更加自然、更加凝练。例如:
(5) 交易增加,要求流通的货量也增加。Anincrease in business requires an increase in the amountof money coming into general circulation.
原文用了四个动词,而译文却只用了一个动词和一个分词,从而使译文更加紧凑、凝练。如将这四个动词都译成动词,英语句子则拖沓、不自然。
试译如下:
The fact that business increases requires that theamount of money which is generally circulated be alsoincreased.
译文罗嗦,而且不可猝读。
(6) 在时代,贸易赤字使贸易保护主义抬头,现在有人担心贸易保护主义将会重现。
The t rade deficit in the Reagan years created arise in protectioni , and some worry about a replay.
原文有四个动词(连同助动词共有五个) ,
但译文却只用了两个动词,用“rise”和“replay”来替代了其余两动词,可谓佳译。但如果将动词全部译成动词,结果如何,可想而知。
由动词加- a (e) nce , - tion , - ment 等词缀构成的名词,英译汉时常译成动词。例如:
(7) Liberalization of international economic was widely perceived as a way to oid recurrenceof a similar calamity.
人们广泛地认为,避免重遭类似灾难的一条途径是放宽经济体系。
(8) Resistance to market opening is basically apower play by leaders of indust ry.
开放市场基本上是工业们的实力较量。
上两例中的“recurrence”和“resistance”分别被译成汉语动词“遭受”和“”。“recurrence of asimilar calamity”实际上是一紧缩的主谓句, 而“oid”之后则跟v - ing + 宾语。
(9) Utility is therefore related to our decisionabout priorities in production - particularly in a cent rally - planned economy.
因此,效用(经济术语) 对我们决定优先生产什么是有关系的,特别在经济中尤其如此。
(10)Much of the remainder of the GATT is designed to prnt evasion of the tariff obligations ofArticle II by the use of nontariff barriers.
关贸总协定的其余部分主要是用来防止以非关税壁垒形式来逃避第二条规定的关税义务。第(9)
例中的“decision”、“production”皆为介词宾语,前者如用“decide”则与“priorities”动宾搭配不当,所以不宜用动名词形式;“in production”指一种过程,“produce”为及物动词,一般要跟宾语。所以,也不适宜使用动名词。第10 例中的“evasion”前为及物动词“prnt”,它的基本用法是“prnt . (f rom) doing sth. ”。“evasion of tariff obligations ”这一结构却是动宾关系,也不适合用动名词。
(11)Before the payment of these tariff s ,the imported goods will be in the custody of the customs andstorage charges are for the importer’s account .
交关税前,进口货物由海关保管,存储费由进口商负担。
(12) In reimbursement of these ext ra expenses ,
please draw on us.
请开汇票向我方支款,用于偿付这些额外费用。
上两例均由于语法限制,只有用名词形式,但译成汉语时,“payment”和“reimbursement ”分别译作“交”和“偿付”。